Leather from cattle, pigs and other species is widely used to make shoes, handbags, belts and many other items. Hunter-gatherers have used non-human animal sinews as lashings and bindings. Textiles from the most utilitarian to the most luxurious are often made from non-human animal fibres such as wool, camel hair, angora, cashmere, and mohair. They include (2011) around 1.4 billion cattle, 1.2 billion sheep, 1 billion domestic pigs, and (1985) over 700 million rabbits. Non-human mammals form a large part of the livestock raised for meat across the world. Invertebrates including cephalopods like squid and octopus crustaceans such as prawns, crabs, and lobsters and bivalve or gastropod molluscs such as clams, oysters, cockles, and whelks are all hunted or farmed for food. Commercial fish farms concentrate on a smaller number of species, including salmon and carp. Marine fish of many species, such as herring, cod, tuna, mackerel and anchovy, are caught and killed commercially, and can form an important part of the human diet, including protein and fatty acids. The human population exploits a large number of non-human animal species for food, both of domesticated livestock species in animal husbandry and, mainly at sea, by hunting wild species. Main articles: Animal husbandry, Fishing, and Hunting This article describes the roles played by other animals in human culture, so defined, both practical and symbolic. More recently, anthropologists have also seen other animals as participants in human social interactions. Anthropology has traditionally studied the roles of non-human animals in human culture in two opposed ways: as physical resources that humans used and as symbols or concepts through totemism and animism. The concept of material culture covers physical expressions such as technology, architecture and art, whereas immaterial culture includes principles of social organization, mythology, philosophy, literature, and science. Cultural universals in all human societies include expressive forms like art, music, dance, ritual, religion, and technologies like tool usage, cooking, shelter, and clothing. Animals further play a wide variety of roles in literature, film, mythology, and religion.Ĭulture consists of the social behaviour and norms found in human societies and transmitted through social learning. Major artists such as Albrecht Dürer, George Stubbs and Edwin Landseer are known for their portraits of animals. These are often anthropomorphised.Īnimals such as horses and deer are among the earliest subjects of art, being found in the Upper Paleolithic cave paintings such as at Lascaux. Many species are kept as pets, the most popular being mammals, especially dogs and cats. Animals serve as models in biological research, such as in genetics, and in drug testing.
Animals used in these ways include fish, crustaceans, insects, molluscs, mammals and birds.Įconomically, animals provide meat, whether farmed or hunted, and until the arrival of mechanised transport, terrestrial mammals provided a large part of the power used for work and transport. All of these are elements of culture, broadly understood. Human uses of animals (non-human species) include both practical uses, such as the production of food and clothing, and symbolic uses, such as in art, literature, mythology, and religion. Practical use: cattle carcass in a slaughterhouse
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